Carbon Steel and Zinc in India

Inspired by a comment by bharata bharatavanshi.

Zinc: 
The production of zinc by conventional smelting methods presents considerable difficulties; instead of a liquid metal forming at the base of the furnace, zinc forms a highly reactive vapour (with a boiling point of 913°C) which exits the top of the furnace and promptly re-oxidises. Clearly, some method of containing and condensing the vapour out of contact with the air was needed
1217CW - Science in India - Plate 6.12
By the early second millennium AD, these descriptions had become more detailed. The retort was to be shaped like a brinjal, or aubergine, the condenser shaped like a datura, or thorn apple flower, and the zinc ore was shaped into small balls, still using the exotic organic ingredients.

Carbon Steel (Wootz)

The Carbon steel from India and Sri lanka are thought to be source for the famed Damascus Steel Swords, used by Saladin to defeat the Crusaders.

It is the pioneering steel alloy matrix developed in Southern India in the 6th century BC and exported globally. It was also known in the ancient world by many different names including Wootz, Ukku, Hindvi Steel, Hinduwani Steel, Teling Steel and Seric Iron.

Wootz steel originated in India. There are several ancient Tamil, Telugu, Greek, Chinese and Roman literary references to high carbon Indian steel since the time of Alexander’s India campaign. The crucible steel production process started in the 6th century BC,[citation needed] at production sites of Kodumanal in Tamil Nadu, Golconda in Telangana, Karnataka and Sri Lanka and exported globally; the Tamils of the Chera Dynasty (Kerala) producing what was termed the finest steel in the world, i.e. Seric Iron to the Romans, Egyptians, Chinese and Arabs by 500 BC. The steel was exported as cakes of steely iron that came to be known as “Wootz”. Wootz steel in India had high amount of carbon in it.

The Chinese and locals in Sri Lanka adopted the production methods of creating wootz steel from the Chera Tamils by the 5th century BC. In Sri Lanka, this early steel-making method employed a unique wind furnace, driven by the monsoon winds. Production sites from antiquity have emerged, in places such as Anuradhapura, Tissamaharama and Samanalawewa,

http://wilpattuhouse.com/MiscStuff/juleff-monsoon-steel.html

Steel

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sbarrkum

I am 3/4ths Sri Lankan (Jaffna) Tamil, 1/8th Sinhalese and 1/8th Irish; a proper mutt. Maternal: Grandfather a Govt Surveyor married my grandmother of Sinhalese/Irish descent from the deep south, in the early 1900’s. They lived in the deep South, are generally considered Sinhalese and look Eurasian (common among upper class Sinhalese). They were Anglicans (Church of England), became Evangelical Christians (AOG) in 1940's, and built the first Evangelical church in the South. Paternal: Sri Lanka (Jaffna Tamil). Paternal ancestors converted to Catholicism during Portuguese rule (1500's), went back to being Hindu and then became Methodists (and Anglicans) around 1850 (ggfather). They were Administrators and translators to the British, poets and writers in Tamil and English. Grandfathers sister was the first female Tamil novelist of modern times I was brought up as an Evangelical even attending Bible study till about the age of 13. Agnostic and later atheist. I studied in Sinhala, did a Bachelor in Chemistry and Physics in Sri Lanka. Then did Oceanography graduate stuff and research in the US. I am about 60 years old, no kids, widower. Sri Lankan citizen (no dual) and been back in SL since 2012. Live in small village near a National Park, run a very small budget guest house and try to do some agriculture that can survive the Elephants, monkeys and wild boar incursions. I am not really anonymous, a little digging and you can find my identity.

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bharata bharatavanshi
bharata bharatavanshi
6 years ago

yes, good. It would be good if you can point to sources on irrigation technology in ancient srilanka

Santosh
Santosh
6 years ago

Wootz- urukku/ukku steel is probably one of the relatively quite few contributions of very old speakers of Dravidian languages to the world- the only others being Dravidian architecture (not independent of northern temple architecture styles) somewhat, and a type of passionate Tamil (and south Indian? (excluding Kerala which is very Indo-Aryan in ethos?)) bhakti (? I’m having the Nayanmars and Alwars in mind- the Shiva and the Mal/Vishnu religions). And perhaps also literary Tamil’s system of prosody which seems fully native and almost fully independent of the Sanskrit tradition. The ancient Gujaratis (? am speculating Dravidians arose at once in the rural cultures of Sorath Harappan or somewhere nearby) did not seem to have attached a great importance to kind of non-passionate and mathematical/logical/sciencey stuff. But it seems they were a very flexible lot who seemed to have gone with the flow at all times- first attaching themselves to the Indus people, then to the Indo-Aryans and now the Anglo-Americans (without ever sacrificing their naturally heavy doses of some general kind of fervour though). Good for them, I think.

(So there’s my fair share of Dravidian bashing for the day. Very sorry- just could not avoid writing what I wrote, much of which is cringeworthily off-topic. I’m obsessed with all things Dravidian and I so extremely hate-love the Dravidian part of my identity.)

And well, the good old east Indian Indo-Aryan pioneers of Simhala beat the mightiest of the Dravidians who were the Tamils even in the field of discovering and settling an island practically just next door to them lol. And I remember reading somewhere that writing may have come to south India from Sri Lanka rather than east India- quite an intriguing possibility really; but I don’t know how likely it is.

hoipolloi
hoipolloi
6 years ago
Reply to  Santosh

As a fellow Dravidian, I am not aware of the fact that the South invented production of high quality steel. I read it here first. 🙂

Santosh
Santosh
6 years ago
Reply to  hoipolloi

Well, it is not a certainty definitely, of course. I just wanted to sneakily push the idea forward as the truth and you wasted no time in catching me red-handed!

But I’m quite conservative though and wouldn’t normally say things like that (or it’s that I like to think that it’s the case) so unabashedly and in this case, my reasoning is based on the observations that the Romans were somewhat fond of what is called “Seric” iron (Seric referring to the good old Shyama Sundara Kera Kedara Bhumi), south India having a relatively strong and early tradition of iron metallurgy, and all the honcho Dravidian languages of Tamil-Malayalam, Kannada and Telugu having what seem to be painstakingly derived native terms for ‘steel’- “urukku” from the root *ur meaning ‘to dissolve, melt’. But the native word could be a calque though and I did not pursue that possibility so far for available languages like Indo-Aryan, Munda, etc. Let us see if we can get close to knowing more conclusively who invented the wootz steel, in the future. But it seems all extremely silly though- thinking about wootz steel what with all the advanced theoretical and applied chemistry which originated in some other cultural traditions anyway and all the indigenous wootz steel tradition is I think, fully extinct also. It’s that the passion to know about remote ancient things and appropriate them does not die down fully.

Xerxes the Magian
6 years ago
Reply to  sbarrkum

The AASI you mean?

Santosh
Santosh
6 years ago
Reply to  sbarrkum

I was mainly having linguistic identity in mind only- Pre-Sinhala may have been an eastern Indo-Aryan language like Magadhi or something- am not very familiar with Indo-Aryan linguistics. Regarding ethnic identity, it appears to me they were from some kind of a para-Vedic Indo-Aryan tradition, whose ancestors may have separated from those of Aryavarta Vedic Indo-Aryans before the ritualistic Yajurveda, etc. were developed or became quite popular, perhaps the latter (I’m just guessing). The Vedic religion in those regions seems to have been relatively weaker compared to Buddhism. And yes, many of the royals like Nandas, etc. probably were Shudras as you said and thus as “peoples” they can perhaps very rightly be called “Pre-Indo-Aryan”. Same goes for many people of Tamil Nadu as you said again (except for the part of ancestry responsible for the spreading of Dravidian language into the region), who are also “Pre-Dravidian”. About Sri Lanka, I personally don’t know much- I guess it depends on how the native Vedda people of Sri Lanka were integrated into the newly arrived elite east Indian transplant society in the beginning and I hope you can enlighten us more by writing about the prehistory and early history of Sri Lanka.

Regarding music, it is my wish that the sort of comparison that you made- linguistic, structural, etc. be made more systematically and as a subject. Perhaps it already exists and I don’t know because I’m not knowledgeable about music to any degree at all and didn’t try to look up. Also, I always had the feeling that many native south Indian music traditions are pre-Dravidian- things like kombu, idakka, etc. of Kerala, for example. My knowledge about the subject stops there though and I can’t contribute any thing more significant.

Regarding the Sinhala words Kolam, Thovil that you provided- I don’t know their etymologies because of Sinhala being Indo-Aryan but the word Thovil does not seem Dravidian in that the Dravidian Etymological Dictionary does not seem to have an entry for it, on a cursory lookup. But there is a tradition in Tulu Nadu called Buta Kola and the word Kola there means ‘play, performance, festival’ and it appears it has cognates in some Dravidian languages (http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/burrow/ 2240 or 2237). The etymology of the Sinhala word Kolam, I wish to pursue a bit later as I don’t have the required amount of time on me currently.

Xerxes the Magian
6 years ago
Reply to  Santosh

Two questions:
how did the Sinhalese leap frog the Dravidian territories. I thought Singhalese was related to Gujarati not Oriya?

Santosh
Santosh
6 years ago

I don’t know much about it but fortunately it so happened that I recently took a (very cursory) look at the section 1.3.2 “Modern Indo-Aryan” of the book “The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide”. Deep phylogenetic relationships among Modern Indo-Aryan languages are notoriously difficult to infer because of the high contiguity of the northern subcontinent which led to convergence between various speech forms in the Pre-Modern phase when giving rise to the modern languages. With this background, the book says that after groups with reasonably strong confidence such as Bengali-Odia-Assamese, Sinhala-Divehi, Marathi-Konkani are identified, it is not at all confident where to place these earlier proto-languages with respect to each other. The author of the section mentions both the “Southwest Indo-Aryan” hypothesis (the one linking Sinhala-Divehi with Marathi (which also includes Gujarati in some classifications)) and the seemingly somewhat new (? I don’t know) “Eastern Indo-Aryan” hypothesis. He discusses the second somewhat more favourably than the first by writing and I’m quoting the section author James W. Gair below:

“Although proposed affiliations of Sinhala have often been with western, southern, or southwestern Indo-Aryan (Masica 1991: 451-456), perhaps the strongest evidence suggests a non-western origin….”

About the settlement of Sri Lanka by people of the mainland being first done by pre-Sinhala speakers as opposed to the next door Dravidian Tamils, I have no idea. I have always wondered about the same. I have always imagined pre-Sinhala to have been brought to the island by seafaring (directly from Bengal or Gujarat wherever it was to Sri Lanka) rather than land migration but I don’t know if that’s a thing (hypothesis) anywhere.

Santosh
Santosh
6 years ago
Reply to  sbarrkum

Thank you very much for the above! It was very helpful for me.

Saurav
Saurav
6 years ago
Reply to  sbarrkum

I wouldn’t say non “Hindu” was the reason, The whole Funan /SE asia origin story is based on the brahmin Kaundinya. Its strange there is almost no mention of Lanka in any Kalingan lore at least AFAIK, even though there is of Java.

AnAn
6 years ago

sbarrkum, Kshatriyas and Brahmins have gone on ships for 5 thousand years. How do you define “Hindu?” Is it different from:
http://www.brownpundits.com/2018/02/03/ancient-arya-culture/

I believe that Cyrus the Great and Buddha lived long before when Indologists think they lived. Jaydeepsinh Rathod believes that the historic Buddha lived more than 1,000 BC. Buddha is considered the 9th incarnation of lord Vishnu and is worshiped in many Hindu temples and Hindu puja rooms.

AnAn
6 years ago
Reply to  sbarrkum

sbarrkum, orthodox Brahmin Hindus practice Prāyaścitta after crossing the seas. This is true. My point is that many practicing Hindus have sailed the seas and practiced Prāyaścitta afterwards. Including to Bali, Java, Sumatra, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Burma, Iran, Baluchistan, Sri Lanka. These (along with Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Tibet were considered part of historic Bharat before 632 AD).

Personally I practice a lot of Prāyaścitta. I make many mistakes! Fortunately in the Dharma shastras, manu smriti and other texts there are less strenuous Prāyaścitta that can be practiced after traversing the seas! :LOL:

You are right that some crazy orthodox Brahmins created stereotypes. But they were crazy and didn’t have scriptural support for their craziness.

I was recently told by a Filipino that thousands of years ago there were many Hindu temples in the Philippines and that there were many Filipino Hindus; and later many Buddhist Hindus. Many Hindu deities are also represented in Japanese Buddhist temples. I am not sure how they fit into the historic Arya culture.

In addition many Hindus also sailed to Madagascar, Africa, Iraq and China. But I am not sure if many orthodox Brahmin Hindus did. I would be very surprised if many Hindus didn’t also sail to Egypt; given that many Hindus sailed to Iraq 4 1/2 thousand years ago and that many Iraqis sailed to Egypt 4 1/2 thousand years ago. This might explain some of the commonalities between Sumeria, ancient Egypt and Arya civilizations. [The great ancient civilizations include Arya, Sumeria, Akkadian, Babylonian, ancient Egypt/Sudan, ancient Ethiopia, ancient China, ancient Adam/Eve/Noah/Abraham civilization]

Why would Shudras and Dalits not be Hindus? Hindus consider anyone who thinks themselves Hindu to be Hindu. In addition Buddhism, Jainism, Ajivika, Charvaka, Sikhism are also considered to be branches of Hinduism by Hindus. This is why Buddhists have had representation in major Hindu bodies for thousands of years.

Almost every temple, library, university in greater India were destroyed during Islamist invasions and occupations. Over 99% of the history is lost on everything–science, math, Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka, pre Buddhist India.

V.C.Vijayaraghavan
6 years ago
Reply to  AnAn

“Hindus consider anyone who thinks themselves Hindu to be Hindu.”

Funny. It Islamic countries like Pakistan, the struggle is over who is a true Muslim. In India, the struggle is over who is a true non-Hindu.

Kabir
6 years ago

Yes, this is very ironic. Sikhs for example are adamant that they are not Hindu. Someone even wrote a pamphlet one hundred years ago called “Hum Hindu Nahin”.

Let people identify as they like. Life would be so much easier.

Jaggu
6 years ago

“Let people identify as they like”

Ahmadis are Muslim as they self-identify. Finally, some clarity, yeehaw!!

(Makes mental note of striking Qadian Majra near Gurdaspur off the list of places to wage Jihad against the Kuffar at)

Kabir
6 years ago

Jaggu,

I did not write the Constitutional Amendment that made Ahmedis non-Muslim. I was not even born at the time.

As a common citizen of Pakistan, I have no power to change this law. But where did I imply that I approved of it? Let God judge who is a true Muslim or not.

Deep Bhatnagar
Deep Bhatnagar
6 years ago
Reply to  sbarrkum

Ashoka was not lost in India but became just one of the many rulers in the Hindu tradition.

Ashoka: the Search for India’s Lost Emperor by Charles Allen {Although it is an Orientalist narrative i.e. Buddhism Vs Brahmanism but does a good job in highlighting how researchers came to know about Ashoka & how they recovered him step by step in the Indian subcontinent.}

Even now one needs to corroborate historical info about ancient India from the texts of nearby regions since lot of text which is mentioned in Indic sources is not directly available but is available in parts as translated text. For e.g. from Tibetan, Chinese, Sri Lankan etc. regions.

The post “The Indian Psychosis” got removed as i was posting this response & so i thought i will mention it later if the issue again comes up & saw the same argument here so i am posting the response here.

Omar Ali
Admin
6 years ago

Nice post. I was reminded of the fact that when I was a pediatrician in Saudi Arabia, I saw several patients named “Muhannad”, which literally means “0f India”. I was surprised at this blatant Indophilia, and asked a colleague who knew a lot about Arabs, Arab history and linguistics. He told me (and I have never looked this up, but I trust he knew what he was talking about) that the best swords always came from India and were called Muhannad. Naturally, in a warrior culture, the word was soon applied to newborn children from whom much domination and killing was expected 🙂
IIRC, a scene in the Turkish Dervish serial Yunus Emre also had a line about Indian swords being the best.

Brown Pundits