Canal Colonies
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How Pakistan Punjabified Lahnda and Urdufied Punjab
As Pakistan prepares to debate new provinces, X.T.M asks what Punjab is. He argues that colonial canals, Partition and the census folded Grierson’s Lahnda continuum into “Punjabi”, while the south…
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The Changing Demographics of Undivided India (1900–2025)
The author charts Muslims’ share of undivided India’s population, from about 20% in 1900 to roughly 33% in 2025. He credits higher fertility and partition migration, and argues falling fertility,…
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The Aryan Cleft: Pakistan as the Cradle and Cusp of Indo-Iranian Civilisation
X.T.M argues that Pakistan sits at the hinge of the Indo-Iranian world, where Iranian and Indo-Aryan languages and Bronze Age migrations meet, and that British canal colonies abruptly turned a…
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Did the Brits “Indianise” the NorthWest?
Asking whether the British ‘re-Indianised’ the north-west, the author argues Sindh, Balochistan and the Frontier saw long Iranian and Muslim influence, while British patronage of Hindi, canal colonies and middle-class…
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How have the English paid for imperialism/colonialism?
X.T.M disputes the view that the English did South Asia favours, arguing that English benefits the Anglosphere, railways were supply chains rather than gifts, and India was no net expense…
