Browncast: Introducing History of India series

Another BP Podcast is up. You can listen on LibsynAppleSpotify, and Stitcher (and a variety of other platforms). Probably the easiest way to keep up the podcast since we don’t have a regular schedule is to subscribe to one of the links above!

We start a series of podcasts on the history of the Indian sub-continent. The series, in the spirit of all things Brown Pundits, will have unconventional yet authoritative voices. The aim of the series is to have a point of view(s) unencumbered by the baggage of ideology. We will shed light on the obscure aspects and cover the more popular narratives without the pressures of political correctness.

The publication of each episode will be accompanied by a list of books and references that the speakers have quoted in the episode.

In the first episode, Maneesh Taneja is in conversation with Dr. Omar Ali, Shrikanth Krishnamachary, and Gaurav Lele. We take 30,000 feet view of the history of the sub-continent. Our panel talks about, among other things, the early Indians, what holds 3000 years of uninterrupted civilization together, the origins of popular Indian dishes namely Idli & Dosa, and discover the links between Bharat Muni’s Natya Shastra and Dev Anand.  

We look forward to your comments and hope you will point out errors and seek attribution, if we have missed any, from our speakers. Let the love and brickbats flow…

History of the Indian Sub-continent, Episode 1:

 

Dr Omar Ali (Twitter handle- @omarali50), Shrikanth Krishnamachary (Twitter handle- @shrikanth_krish) and Gaurav Lele (Twitter handle- @gaurav_lele) in conversation with Maneesh Taneja (Twitter handle- @maneesht).

Books, Papers and Authors:

Published by

GauravL

Skeptic | Aspiring writer | Wildlife enthusiast

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DaThang
DaThang
2 years ago

Pre-neolithic archaeology in India isn’t extensively covered, but the neolithic to pre-early/mature IVC in northern India kind of is covered, so I would push it (the archaeological evidence of early Indian society) back from the mature Indus valley (which was relatively late) to the earliest neolithic dates of 7000 bc (though not the civilization). However, as far as I know, between 7000 bc and 3300 bc, sites in India were individually less populous than sites of Levant or Anatolia or southern Mesopotamia or even the Balkans. India suddenly explodes around 3300 bc, overtaking perhaps the peak population of Balkan sites up until that time, definitely overtaking Anatolia’s and Levant’s peak site populations and at least rivalling that of southern Mesopotamia. The region that used to have a relatively low hum of activity became very dynamic around 3300 bc. in that sense you could say it begins at the early to mature Indus valley phase during which many (but not all) of the sites were founded on previously unoccupied land (as opposed to an organic outgrowth). But the lead up is more interesting I think.

DaThang
DaThang
2 years ago
Reply to  DaThang

Additionally I think that certain schools of philosophy- both among Astika and Nastika could have seeped in from pre-Indo-Europeans.

Shrikanth Krishnamachary
Shrikanth Krishnamachary
2 years ago
Reply to  DaThang

I think, as we mentioned in the podcast, there are definitely many aspects of modern India that likely have pre-Aryan (IVC) influences.

But it is near-impossible to establish them with any degree of certainty. It is speculation at best. Because there’s no literature that survives from anywhere in India outside of the Vedic corpus for the time period in question (pre 1000 BCE)

DaThang
DaThang
2 years ago

>But it is near-impossible to establish them with any degree of certainty.
This is true at least as long as there is no reference for Indus Valley and other pre-Indo-European South Asian people’s philosophy.
And yes for now it is speculation only.

Saurav
Saurav
2 years ago

First of all can we cover the topic as to how there was Islam in india before the prophet?

I think the Hindu right wing was right after all. Everything started in india.

Sumit
Sumit
2 years ago

Very nice balanced takes. Looking forward to the next episode in the series

Ugra
Ugra
2 years ago

Listened to the podcast.

Writing something on the epistemological dimension of the discussion between speakers in the room.

I counted the number of times speakers said, “we don’t know anything about IVC”, “nothing is known”, “Script we don’t know”, “nobody knows” – had to stop somewhere at the count of 19 or so…..It was almost like a meme bouncing back and forth.

IVC is the most well preserved Bronze Age archaeological super-site among Asian examples of civilizations (Kenoyer, Shinde). The number of sites (in acreage) and artifact provenance (the oldest bronze casting and the oldest bronze statue are in IVC) exceed both China and Mesopotamia (other Bronze Age civilizations). In my own opinion, only the Nile Valley exceeds the Indus Valley in archaeological yields.

The simple ontological truth that follows – if one cannot figure anything about IVC from its script and sites, how did you conclude anything about the Steppes which doesn’t even have a script and about 60 times fewer artifacts? I felt that the speakers were subconsciously channelling Witzel and Parpola who repeatedly use this “we don’t know anything about IVC” meme as a coping mechanism.

One speaker (Gaurav? or Shrikanth?) make a point about cultural expression and literature and how its absence makes us blind to the existence of a culture. Important point!!

For a very very long time, it is know that literary and cultural output is linked to societal surplus. Just look around you – the greatest centres of cultural production are physically co-located with centres of high GDP intensity (Mumbai, California, Paris, Nalanda, Library of Alexandria). Its the eternal truth, poets and bards are fed by kings and serfs.

A bit disappointed with the speakers who did not exhibit the same anthropological curiosity for the IVC. Do the laws and appetites of a normal, sane, functional society not apply to the IVC?

Koenraad Elst noted that until the 1980s, there was lively scholarly debate about the cultural output and literary expression of the IVC. Archaeologists led the path followed by cultural theorists. When the RJB movement began, the Marxist establishment shifted the Overton Window to “Ideological” for anyone proposing a synchronicity between India’s literary and archaeological inheritance.

That spillover downstreams all the way to this Brown Pundits podcast.

Ugra
Ugra
2 years ago
Reply to  GauravL

Thank you, Gaurav!! Looking for a spectrum of opinions in the podcast next time.

Its not a personal commentary on the speakers. I can see that they are reflecting the mores and biases of the mainstream. Thats why I alluded to Witzel and Parpola – who repeatedly evangelize that “we” don’t know anything about IVC. The effect is to reinforce that there is nothing worth theorizing about the IVC.

The Indian commentariat and research community was not like this. Beginning with the Marxist stranglehold in the 1980s, every unapproved opinion was stilled and cast as “ideological”. And before the 1980s there was the widest possible speculation and cultural theorizing about IVC among Indian researchers.

Irawati Karve (Yuganta fame), who started the Anthropology Department at Pune University and also Deccan College (now the home of Vasant Shinde, India’s leading archaeologist), made one of the most enduring contributions in IVC archaeological interpretation.

She correctly speculated that the spatial segregation of living spaces we see in Indian towns and villages even today began in the IVC (Lower Citadel and Upper Citadel). Socio-economic segregation of living spaces began with a planned focus. Remember almost all of IVC sites are spatially laid out with precision. She theorized that this must have roots in social philosophy and not in engineering functionalism.

Almost 50 years later, two American archaeologists found evidence of separate entrances and homes for “night-workers” who kept the sanitation system clean in Mohen-jo-daro.

https://www.academia.edu/37800996/Engineering_Feats_and_Consequences_in_the_Indus_Workers_in_the_Night

To say that India only began in 1500 BCE (Iron Age) is such a gross overlooking of archaeological facts. The social and economic structures of modern India are rooted all the way to the Bronze Age. Exactly like China.

I would also point you to Bahata Mukhopadhyay’s radical re-interpretation of the IVC script. She says it is metrological and certain signs are closely linked to the Abrus precatorius seed (Ratti/ Gunja) which is used even today for measuring gold by Indian jewellers!! 8 Ratti = 1 Masha, 12 Masha = 1 Tola.

IVC is re-gaining ground in the minds of Indians as the ancestral source of Indian social organization and economic philosophy (in addition to linguistics). BP should start paying attention to these trends.

Shrikanth Krishnamachary
Shrikanth Krishnamachary
2 years ago
Reply to  Ugra

Thanks for your comments, Ugra
Some comments –
1. The podcast cannot cover everything under the sun. The answers are also in response to the questions asked which centered around earliest Indians and Indian-ness. Which inevitably makes us focus on the literary record.

2. This was not a deep-dive into IVC’s material cultures. Establishing linkages between the material cultures of IVC and modern India in the absence of any literary record / deciphered scripts is always going to be contentious.

3. We did cite Danino multiple times in the call! And I even reference the research of his that tries to establish links between IVC’s urban planning and later classical Indian cultures.

If our objective is ideological partisanship, Danino wouldn’t be cited 🙂

Shrikant
Shrikant
2 years ago

This still seems like a myopic view. Dravidians are quite distinct from North Indians and probably they settle in the subcontinent far before Aryan arrival.

Saurav
Saurav
2 years ago
Reply to  GauravL

“Dravidians are not distinct from North Indians”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar

☝️ Did someone try saying that to this guy? I would have paid to see his reaction.

“About settlement in subcontinent – yes but it’s very likely that when the first IndoAryans started pouring into subcontinent what we see as Dravidians were not south of Deccan. ”

Believe it or not, there is a Hindi tv serial, written by a Dravidian, on this very same topic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarambh:_Kahaani_Devsena_Ki

girmit
girmit
2 years ago
Reply to  GauravL

@gaurav
That dravidians aren’t racially distinct is one thing, but culturally? There are cultural faultlines all over India, and the linguistic familial ones are arguably non-trivial. As for the southern cultural signature, take the following, consanguineous marriage, institutional monastic hinduism (math system), totemic clan structures (quite distinct from gotra). I’d also say there are notable differences in concepts of intimacy and manners. I think there’s a great deal of mutual appreciation between north and south, but that’s not the same as likeness.

Saurav
Saurav
2 years ago
Reply to  GauravL

I feel like most things North of Vindhyas, this whole view about ‘Dravidians/South as “distinct” is an untenable position’ is a rosy picture we N-Indians try to portray.

Its like how N-Indians say that, the thing which unites India is Bollywood and cricket. No one has asked S-Indians about their view.

Bhumiputra
Bhumiputra
2 years ago
Reply to  GauravL

@gaurav,
Bluntly, the genetic difference is that in south ivc + aasi shifted populations have the upper hand while in the north steppe shifted ones have the upper hand. Rest is all details about levels of admixture and clines. You may not like it but you can’t ignore it.

Saurav
Saurav
2 years ago
Reply to  GauravL

“No point arguing you about South India”

LOL, why though?

In all my days, never thought i would be thrown shade at, for defending S-Indians.

“OTOH both Punjab and Kashmir are culturally North india but maintain distinction right ?”

Do u mean something along the lines of more Hindu-less Hindu region ? 😛

DaThang
DaThang
2 years ago
Reply to  GauravL

The Neolithic of South India goes back to around 3000 BC and expanded from Andhra Pradesh + Karnataka to Tamil Nadu as time went on. Although we don’t know if these were the Dravidian language speakers, or speakers of a related cousin-like but different language group. I think the simplest scenario is a Dravidian expansion southward starting around 3000 BC or 2500 BC. It could be made more complicated by adding in a halted period of 1000 to 2000 years which would have them stay mostly outside of South India (with only related but not Dravidian-speaking groups moving south at the time) until 1000 BC and then suddenly expanding southward, but I’d rather go with the simpler one.

DaThang
DaThang
2 years ago

Something that I haven’t asked so far, since you guys implied that it is better to start with the Vedic period, will you guys passingly cover regional cultures like Malwa and Jorwe type as a small section of the larger discussion?

lurker
lurker
2 years ago

Interesting albeit a bit unsatisfactory as the commentators kept harking back to Vedic times as the start of Indian history. They were factually correct, and yet somewhat wrong in their omission of IVC and non-Vedic Indo Aryan heritage. Some have postulated that Magadha and associated Sramana religions represent the non-Vedic Indo Aryan stream of Indian thought, culture and history. Hope they cover this aspect in the following episodes.
I wonder if the background the commentators has played a role in their (unconscious) bias in a certain direction. At least one of them is what some might call a “trad”, with a very, what other trads call “v1”, centric views

Lurker
Lurker
2 years ago
Reply to  GauravL

Gauravl: You are right that there is just not much that we know about IVC to speculate intelligently about what aspects of it’s culture have lived on in India. As far as the nom-Vedic India Aryan culture, let’s call it Magadhan, it seems a lot is / can be known. Looking forward to learning a bit more about it through your podcast. You might to consider inviting guest speakers that are lay “experts” in the particular topics that you would be discussing in an episode. For example, for pre Islamic medeival.Western Indian / Rajput history Adivaraha @ Twitter or the person running Gujarat History Twitter handle would be a good add (although it may not be logistically feasible)

Paarth
Paarth
2 years ago

I did touch upon Deccan cultures – Daimabad – but would you want speculations about their funery rites or malnutrition towards the end ? Or about self-conception of people who gave rise to Ashmound culture and Ratnagiri petroglyphs ?

https://www.paarthinfra.com/

Janamejaya
Janamejaya
2 years ago

Sikhs brutally lynch a man in Golden Temple. In Golden Temple!!!

Someone they had caught and could have questioned and paraded in front of the world to show off their power & magnanimity. Instead they had to brutally beat him to death.

Not just that. Multiple gangs of Sikhs gathered at the gates in order to ensure that the man was indeed lynched and not handed over to law.

And after all this there isn’t a prominent Sikh who isn’t openly celebrating this act.

I just wish Sikhs stop calling their temple harmandir or hari-mandir. They anyways do not want to have any association with Hinduism. They should not besmirch the name of Hari by appending it to a place where brutal gangs of psychopaths can murder hapless victims anytime.

I don’t know about other Hindus but I am done with Gurudwaras. Never going to visit one again.

Bhumiputra
Bhumiputra
2 years ago
Reply to  Janamejaya

I agree the Sikhs especially jatts are overplaying their hand in these blasphemy episodes as well as farm Bills. However the golden temple incident is qualitatively different from the other suspected/made up sacrilege cases. What would/should Hindu rw/devotee response be if someone made an attempt at defining Somnath/Kashi/Ayodhya?

girmit
girmit
2 years ago
Reply to  Janamejaya

Sikhs are dharmic but highly defiant of brahminism (sikhism *is* punjabi hinduism). The equivalence between the latter and hinduism is what fuels their separatism. People want hinduism to be a big tent politically, but also follow old orthodoxies. Can’t have both, even the OBC honeymoon with hindutva with collapse eventually under that arrangement

Janamejaya
Janamejaya
2 years ago
Reply to  girmit

Religions are what their followers make of them in the present world. It matters very little what the original religious texts contain. It matters a lot more how the followers of a religion behave in the present world.
Sikhism of today is a “Jatt” ethno-supremacist cult. Dharmic or non-dharmic lens is a wrong way to look at it. These guys are not spiritual philosophers. Being defiant of “Brahminism” is irrelevant and is just used by Sikhs as an excuse for their supremacist behavior. Brahmins haven’t been a force in Punjab region for thousands of years now. The modern Indian state is not Brahminical.
There hardly are Sikhs who make philosophical or spiritual arguments any more. All one hears is constant refrain of how Jatts Sikhs are superior to everyone around them or conspiracy theories of how evil Hindus/India etc are trying to bring them down.
Anyway bad behavior by Sikhs causes nobody more harm than them. I feel if Sikhs might have played their cards right after 1947, they could have converted nearly all of North India’s peasant castes to their fold. This was a religion which could have been packaged as a caste-free Hinduism with a glorious recent history of resistance against invaders. But the Thekedars of Sikhism were more interested in extremely narrow minded Jatt supremacism and separatism.
I am a bit more sanguine about the future of Hinduism and Hindutva than you. I feel Hinduism has shown a decent ability to adapt over its history of 3000 years and incorporate learnings from other cultures. Following old orthodoxies is not what modern Hindus are very passionate about. Culturally Hinduism and Hindutva should strengthen as India gets wealthier.
Politically I feel, OBCs being as Hindu as anybody else will continue voting for for political Hindutva parties depending on the circumstances.

Bhumiputra
Bhumiputra
2 years ago
Reply to  Janamejaya

In the last 300 years or so, we have the examples of Jatts, Marathas and Yadavs who enthusiastically tried to don the Hindutva mantle on the premise of being granted Kshatriya status only to be denied that by UCs. you underestimate that resentment.
The UC conception of Hindutva requires OBCs subordinating their political and economic interests to UCs. The OBC conception of Hindutva requires UC technical expertise but politically they imagine themselves to be in drivers seat. Modi is rare politician who has pulled off a political alignment between UCs and OBCs. I don’t see anyone in BJP next gen who can pull that off. That is the main vulnerability.

Janamejaya
Janamejaya
2 years ago
Reply to  Bhumiputra

“In the last 300 years or so, we have the examples of Jatts, Marathas and Yadavs who enthusiastically tried to don the Hindutva mantle on the premise of being granted Kshatriya status only to be denied that by UCs.”
Looking at things from an upper caste-lower caste perspective is wrong. Who exactly is upper caste apart from Brahmins? Who is lower caste apart from Dalits. Various communities in India have always been fluctuating in the middle of these 2 extremes once the Brahmin caste more or less solidified perhaps by 500 BC. Farmers became rulers, rulers became traders etc.

Brahmins have had absolutely zero power to deny any indigenous farming-caste group in its bid for power throughout history. In the 18th century Jats, Jutts and Marathas created kingdoms and generally became the new Kshatriyas. Why do you think that the Scindias or the Bharatpur rulers had (or have) any less power and prestige than any “pure-blood” Sisodia Rajput. Does Kshatriya ‘status’ have any relevance when you have actual power?

Kashi Vishwanath temple in Varanasi was built by Ahilya Bai Holkar. The Bharatpur kings were patrons of Krishna temple at Mathura. Brahmins were happy enough being patronized. They did not have the power to scorn the patronage coming from “non-Kshatriya” rulers.

Even in ancient and medieval times most indigenous dynasties like the Nandas, Mauryas, Guptas, Gurjara-Pratihara etc probably came from pastoral or farming communities. After all its these groups who have the man-power, the attachment to land and the ethos (asabiya) to create armies and grab power.

Brahmins did have the power to record history and create narratives though since they were a pan-Indian literate group. Throughout history Brahmins have eulogized as a Kshatriya whichever king has paid them for it.

Vikram
2 years ago
Reply to  Bhumiputra

I dont think the Marathas and Patels can be put in the same plane as the Jats and Yadavs.

In the case of Marathas, they have a clear, identifiable imperial history, with significant royal families continuing to the current day. In the modern day, they have benefited from Mumbai and Maharashtra’s central role in the Indian economy.

For Patels, their heroes were always Banias and Jains, and they have moved steadily into the entrepreneurial ranks, owning and running significant companies like Cadila for example.

td
td
2 years ago
Reply to  Bhumiputra

“Looking at things from an upper caste-lower caste perspective is wrong. Who exactly is upper caste apart from Brahmins?”

@Janmejaya, I believe in north indian perspective, apart from brahmins, Rajputs/Kshatriyas can be considered as upper caste apart from Brahmins. The
opposition against claims of Jatts, Marathas and Ahirs(Yadavs) on kshatriya status came from Rajputs if I am correct.

thewarlock
thewarlock
2 years ago
Reply to  Bhumiputra

Lol even banias are considered “twice born” and can wear sacred thread. But many consider them mid caste, unless they are shitting on them (eg. Brahmin Bania hegemony comments)

thewarlock
thewarlock
2 years ago
Saurav
Saurav
2 years ago

Since its 50 years of Indo-Pakistan war…. and the open comments is closed.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tkj3ALo8Yoc

Incredible Story of Col Sajjad, Bengali in Pak Army, Who Gave India Secrets that Helped Win 1971 War

DaThang
DaThang
2 years ago

Since the podcast is about the history of *India* and not history of things that happened in the geographic boundaries of India, it makes sense to mostly gloss over IVC and not go in detail about pre-Vedic occurances.
Relating to this transitional period which cascades unto the early period of interest for the podcast: Vagheesh Narasimhan said something which could be linked to stuff like battle of the ten kings in a video (I’ll post the link later). He himself made a connection to Mahabharata instead.

DaThang
DaThang
2 years ago
Reply to  DaThang
DaThang
DaThang
2 years ago
Reply to  GauravL

Which agricultural complex are you talking about? I know of one instance in Sri Lanka which did not last.

DaThang
DaThang
2 years ago
Reply to  GauravL

> I think many AASI might have been agricultural outside the IVC complex;

I am still waiting for your specification on this. What did you have in mind?

td
td
2 years ago
Reply to  DaThang

“I think many AASI might have been agricultural outside the IVC complex;”

@DaThang,
Gangetic plains especially the 6th millenium sites of lahuradewa where evidences of rice farming are found could be one such example. I think AASI folks were practising rice farming in gangetic plains

DaThang
DaThang
2 years ago
Reply to  DaThang

@td
I think people of that region at that point of time were admixed with Iran HGs. I predict that the Iran like ancestry would have entered deep into North India by 10,000 years ago or a little earlier.

DaThang
DaThang
2 years ago
Reply to  DaThang

@td
Also, was the Lahuradewa rice domesticated or was it wild grain cultivation?

Prats
Prats
2 years ago

What do you guys think is Brahmanism?

It seems to be different things to different people and a very good bogeyman for all sorts of ideological groups.

Bhumiputra
Bhumiputra
2 years ago
Reply to  Prats

In ritual terms, it means most OBCs having to dependent on Brahmin priests for major life milestones I.e. birth, marriage, death etc.
In more philosophical terms, brahmanism is the religious dependency on an outside endogamous group which considers itself superior to your group.
The real long term and fair solution is another state reorganization which considers caste/ethnicity in addition to language. UCs can have a state stretching from parts of Gj, RJ, MP, UP, UK, HP. A reverse crescent shaped state of you will 😄. That way every caste group will be assured of baseline political spoils. Then we can have real federal competition between states/castes . This means that center is restricted to few core areas of defense, communication and inter state commerce.

td
td
2 years ago
Reply to  Bhumiputra

“UCs can have a state stretching from parts of Gj, RJ, MP, UP, UK, HP. A reverse crescent shaped state of you will ”

I see a lot of UCs online asking for a separate region/state/nation due to increasing domain of reservations and more caste based government welfare schemes which excludes them( On social media sites, I see many UC zoomers and young millenials having a very dystopian view of their future in India.)
However, I don’t see the above scenario materializing unless there is radical disruption in the society.

girmit
girmit
2 years ago
Reply to  Prats

@Prats
Brahminism (to me) is a scholastic style of hinduism which tends to value ritual purity greatly. Sanskrit as a medium is essential and it gets abstruse for a person of common sensibilities. It tends to see authentic hinduism as whatever follows from the font of vedic wisdom.
In contrast, “demotic” hinduisms are the inverse wherein hinduism just the way hindus live and worship. Its religion as a phenomena. Its the minute tribal and clan deities as well as the trinity, and the vedic pantheon. Its the “commonwealth of religions” idea of hinduism. Distinct traditions that over time have amalgamated and adopted much of the same theological scaffolding, but if we go back far enough were probably distinct ethnic religions.

Saurav
Saurav
2 years ago
Reply to  Prats

In Caravan magazine , someone wrote that Brahminism was the reason for Covid. So there is that…

thewarlock
thewarlock
2 years ago

Majority means nada

https://m.timesofindia.com/india/bill-to-increase-marriage-age-for-women-introduced-in-lok-sabha-referred-to-parliamentary-panel/amp_articleshow/88410175.cms

Inb4 Saurav talks about some consolation prize of “time for consolidation, not new action”

Saurav
Saurav
2 years ago
Reply to  thewarlock

As i have said b4 , useless bill, no political capital gained or lost. So can be referred to equally useless Parliamentary committee.

Meanwhile, for politically important bill 👇

https://indianexpress.com/article/india/election-laws-amendment-bill-passed-lok-sabha-7681801/

Consolidate. Hunt the heretic. Peace.

sceptic
sceptic
2 years ago

Laughable that the panelists saw “tolerance” and “diversity” as key features of Indian thought but refused to state the sociological trait that defines Indians as much as AASI – hierarchical varna + endogamous jati.

Also an excessive focus on vedic Brahmanism as a unifying tradition. I would argue that the Indian village culture of landlords, labour castes, artisan castes, untouchables, local animist and spirit worship (even Brahmins worship their “kula deva”) are equally widespread features.

Regarding the arts, there isn’t much continuity in music to the Vedas – certainly there’s an influence from vedic chant but there was a clear break in the tradition between the Natya Sastra (“grams”) and the Ratnakara (“raga”, not mentioned by Bharata). One feature that remained since at least the Gupta period was that of a courtesan tradition keeping alive music and dance in both Hindu (devadasi) and Muslim (tawaif) communities. And like the famous IVC dancing girl, our dancers still love bangles!

Saurav
Saurav
2 years ago

https://www.1971untoldstory.com/indo-pak-war-1971-true-story

“Over the past 50 years, the global narrative about 1971 has been shaped by some facts but also by many falsehoods, by a few truths but also by several travesties. This documentary comprises informative but candid observations by a galaxy of distinguished individuals.

They include eminent scholars and researchers, former ministers, ambassadors, policymakers, journalists, and eye-witnesses from the United States, United Kingdom, India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. Their thought-provoking reflections enable viewers to survey 1971 with unprecedented clarity and accuracy.”

Brown Pundits